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var D = {“flashcards”:[{“front”:”What angle differentiates universal from area-specific (Gracey) curettes?”,”back”:”Universal blades are ~90° to the lower shank; area-specific are offset ~70°.”},{“front”:”Which instrument type suits direct supragingival calculus removal?”,”back”:”Sickle scaler.”},{“front”:”What grasp is recommended for instrumentation?”,”back”:”Modified pen grasp.”},{“front”:”What does ‘adaptation’ mean in instrumentation?”,”back”:”Keeping the leading one-third to one-half of the working end in contact with the tooth surface.”},{“front”:”Why do exploratory strokes need to reach the base of the pocket?”,”back”:”To detect apical deposits a shorter stroke would miss.”},{“front”:”What causes root surface burnishing?”,”back”:”Using a dull instrument that flattens rather than removes calculus.”},{“front”:”How do working strokes differ from exploratory strokes?”,”back”:”Working strokes are shorter and use more lateral pressure; exploratory strokes are longer and lighter.”},{“front”:”Why re-establish a fulcrum for each new area?”,”back”:”A stretched fulcrum loses stability and control.”},{“front”:”What is a common cause of missed subgingival calculus?”,”back”:”An incomplete stroke that stops short of the junctional epithelium.”},{“front”:”Why test instrument sharpness on a test stick?”,”back”:”To confirm a sharp edge before beginning, preventing burnishing and excess force.”}],”quiz”:[{“q”:”A curette with two cutting edges per working end and ~90° blade angle is:”,”options”:[“A sickle scaler”,”A universal curette”,”An area-specific curette”,”A periodontal probe”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”This describes a universal curette.”},{“q”:”Area-specific (Gracey) curettes have a blade offset at approximately:”,”options”:[“45 degrees”,”70 degrees”,”90 degrees”,”180 degrees”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”The offset angle is approximately 70 degrees.”},{“q”:”Sickle scalers are best suited for:”,”options”:[“Deep subgingival deposits”,”Direct-access supragingival calculus”,”Root planing only”,”Furcation entry”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”Sickles suit supragingival, direct-access removal.”},{“q”:”The modified pen grasp is favoured because it provides:”,”options”:[“Maximum force”,”Fine tactile feedback and control”,”No fatigue ever”,”Faster strokes only”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”It provides tactile sensitivity and control.”},{“q”:”Adaptation means:”,”options”:[“Ignoring root contour”,”Keeping the leading portion of the working end against the tooth surface”,”Using maximum pressure”,”Working blind without a fulcrum”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”Adaptation follows tooth contour with the leading edge.”},{“q”:”A common cause of missed calculus is:”,”options”:[“Too many strokes”,”An incomplete stroke stopping short of the junctional epithelium”,”Overuse of topical anaesthetic”,”Excessive lavage”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”Incomplete strokes miss apical deposits.”},{“q”:”Burnished calculus results from:”,”options”:[“A sharp instrument used correctly”,”A dull instrument flattening rather than removing deposits”,”Excess water flow”,”Correct adaptation”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”Dull instruments burnish rather than remove calculus.”},{“q”:”Working strokes compared to exploratory strokes are:”,”options”:[“Longer and lighter”,”Shorter with more lateral pressure”,”Identical in every way”,”Never used subgingivally”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”Working strokes are shorter, firmer.”},{“q”:”A fulcrum should be:”,”options”:[“Maintained across the whole quadrant regardless of tooth”,”Re-established close to each new working tooth”,”Avoided entirely”,”Only used for anterior teeth”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”Re-establishing the fulcrum maintains control.”},{“q”:”Testing an instrument’s sharpness before use helps prevent:”,”options”:[“Excess tactile sensitivity”,”Burnishing and excessive force use”,”Faster strokes”,”Better adaptation automatically”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”Sharp instruments reduce burnishing and needed force.”},{“q”:”A root concavity, such as on a maxillary first premolar, complicates instrumentation because:”,”options”:[“It has no calculus risk”,”It limits full working-end adaptation”,”It is always supragingival”,”It cannot be probed”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”Concave anatomy limits adaptation.”},{“q”:”The primary difference between universal and area-specific curettes is:”,”options”:[“Number of active cutting edges and blade angle”,”Colour of the handle”,”Material only”,”Price only”],”answer”:0,”exp”:”Cutting edges and blade angle differ.”},{“q”:”Which stroke pattern is generally used for anterior facial surfaces?”,”options”:[“Vertical or oblique strokes along the long axis”,”Horizontal only”,”Circular only”,”No strokes needed”],”answer”:0,”exp”:”Vertical/oblique strokes suit anterior surfaces.”},{“q”:”Excessive lateral pressure is often used to compensate for:”,”options”:[“A sharp instrument”,”A dull instrument”,”Correct technique”,”Adequate adaptation”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”Dull instruments prompt compensatory excess pressure.”},{“q”:”An efficient instrumentation sequence typically:”,”options”:[“Randomly targets visible deposits only”,”Moves systematically with overlapping strokes for full coverage”,”Skips areas without visible calculus”,”Uses only one stroke per tooth”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”Systematic, overlapping coverage is efficient and thorough.”},{“q”:”Tactile detection of calculus feels different from a treated surface because calculus is:”,”options”:[“Smoother than enamel”,”Rougher/gritty compared to a smooth treated surface”,”Identical in feel”,”Only detectable visually”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”Calculus has a distinct rough/gritty tactile quality.”},{“q”:”Instrument sharpening should occur:”,”options”:[“Only after complete failure”,”At the first sign of dulling”,”Never during a workday”,”Only annually”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”Sharpening at first sign of dulling maintains efficiency.”},{“q”:”The rounded toe of a curette (vs sickle’s pointed tip) is designed to:”,”options”:[“Increase tissue trauma”,”Reduce tissue trauma during subgingival use”,”Improve supragingival cutting only”,”Replace the cutting edge”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”The rounded toe reduces subgingival tissue trauma.”},{“q”:”An ‘incomplete stroke’ most commonly leads to:”,”options”:[“Overinstrumentation”,”Missed apical calculus deposits”,”Excess tissue trauma”,”Faster treatment with no downside”],”answer”:1,”exp”:”Incomplete strokes miss apical deposits.”},{“q”:”Which best describes efficient full-quadrant sequencing?”,”options”:[“Complete one surface fully before moving to the adjacent one, with overlap”,”Randomly jump between teeth”,”Only instrument visible deposits”,”Skip posterior teeth if time-limited”],”answer”:0,”exp”:”Systematic surface-by-surface sequencing with overlap is efficient.”}]};
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