Neuroanatomy for Clinical Practitioners Workbook

Foramen of Monro
Foramen of Luschka
Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
Arachnoid granulations
Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater
Between the skull and the dura mater
Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
Between the pia mater and the brain surface
A small lipophilic molecule with low molecular weight
A large hydrophilic protein
A positively charged polypeptide
Serum albumin
Choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle
Superior sagittal sinus
Bridging veins in the subdural space
Germinal matrix in the subependymal zone
Anencephaly
Spina bifida
Chiari malformation type II
Holoprosencephaly
Left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area)
Left posterior superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area)
Left angular gyrus
Right inferior frontal gyrus
Left primary visual cortex
Right primary motor cortex
Left parietal association cortex
Right inferior parietal lobule
Postcentral gyrus
Precentral gyrus
Supplementary motor area
Premotor cortex
Left inferior frontal gyrus
Left arcuate fasciculus
Left posterior superior temporal gyrus
Bilateral frontal lobes
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Anterior cingulate cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex
Primary motor cortex
Serotonergic projection from the raphe nuclei
Cholinergic projection from the nucleus basalis
Dopaminergic projection from the substantia nigra to the striatum
GABAergic projection from the caudate nucleus to the cortex
Anterograde amnesia and impaired fear processing
Expressive aphasia and contralateral hemiparesis
Visual agnosia and cortical blindness
Resting tremor and bradykinesia
Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus internus
Putamen
Contralateral subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra pars compacta
Caudate nucleus and putamen (striatum)
Globus pallidus externus
Cerebellum
Intact working memory compensating for episodic memory loss
Recovery of hippocampal function through neuroplasticity
Preserved procedural memory despite impaired declarative memory
Intact semantic memory enabling motor learning
Ventral posterolateral (VPL) and ventral posteromedial (VPM) nuclei
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Anterior thalamic nucleus
Pulvinar
Stimulatory via TRH
Stimulatory via GnRH
Inhibitory via somatostatin
Inhibitory via dopamine
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Anterior pituitary
Ipsilateral facial droop with contralateral arm weakness
Bilateral lower extremity weakness
Contralateral hemiparesis affecting the face, arm, and leg
Expressive aphasia with right hemiparesis
Loss of circadian rhythm with disorganised sleep-wake cycling
Total blindness in both eyes
Inability to produce melatonin from the pineal gland
Permanent insomnia without any sleep
Ventral pons
Ventral midbrain (cerebral peduncle)
Lateral medulla
Dorsal midbrain
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Basilar artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Medullary pyramids
Inferior olivary nucleus
Nucleus of the solitary tract
Reticular formation (ascending reticular activating system)
Bilateral cerebral hemispheres
Bilateral medullary pyramids
Bilateral ventral pons
Midbrain tegmentum
Pontine pneumotaxic centre
Medullary respiratory centres
Midbrain periaqueductal grey
Locus coeruleus
Cerebellar astrocytoma
Medulloblastoma
Ependymoma
Meningioma
Ipsilateral dysmetria and intention tremor with the right hand
Contralateral dysmetria and intention tremor with the left hand
Resting tremor in the right hand
Bilateral truncal ataxia without limb involvement
Wernicke's encephalopathy affecting the mammillary bodies
Peripheral neuropathy from thiamine deficiency
Selective anterior superior vermis degeneration from alcohol toxicity
Lateral hemispheric cerebellar infarction
Granule cells
Stellate cells
Golgi cells
Purkinje cells
Intention tremor during finger-to-nose testing
Dysarthria with scanning speech
Severe balance impairment and vestibular nystagmus
Dysdiadochokinesia in the upper limbs
Diabetic oculomotor neuropathy
Myasthenia gravis
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Posterior communicating artery aneurysm
Bitemporal hemianopia
Left homonymous hemianopia
Right monocular scotoma
Bilateral central scotomas
Right CN III
Left CN IV
Left CN VI
Right medial longitudinal fasciculus
Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
Oculomotor nucleus
Optic chiasm
Right homonymous hemianopia
Bitemporal hemianopia
Left homonymous hemianopia
Right monocular visual loss
Bell's palsy (peripheral CN VII palsy)
Stroke affecting the right motor cortex
Ramsay Hunt syndrome (CN VIII involvement)
Parotid gland tumour compressing CN VII
Separate blood supply to the upper and lower facial nucleus
Bilateral cortical innervation of the upper face motor neurons
Sparing of the temporal branch of CN VII
Compensation by CN V motor fibres to the frontalis
Superior laryngeal nerve (external branch)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of CN X)
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
To the left (away from the lesion)
Upward
It will remain midline
To the right (toward the lesion)
Bulbar palsy (lower motor neuron cranial nerve involvement)
Pseudobulbar palsy (upper motor neuron involvement)
Myasthenia gravis
Lateral medullary syndrome
Anterior cord syndrome
Brown-Séquard syndrome
Central cord syndrome
Posterior cord syndrome
Brown-Séquard syndrome
Anterior cord syndrome
Central cord syndrome
Cauda equina syndrome
Anterior spinal artery occlusion
Transverse myelitis
Epidural spinal cord compression
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Dorsal columns bilaterally
Lateral spinothalamic tracts bilaterally
Posterior nerve roots at C5-T1
Crossing fibres in the anterior white commissure
Thoracic spinal cord at T12
Cauda equina below L4
Conus medullaris at L1
Lumbar spinal cord at L2
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Botulism
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
C8-T1
C5-C6
C7
C3-C5
Median nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Antibodies against presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels
Antibodies against postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors
Presynaptic toxin blocking acetylcholine release
Autoimmune destruction of peripheral nerve myelin
Ipsilateral phrenic nerve
Ipsilateral vagus nerve
Ipsilateral sympathetic chain/stellate ganglion
Ipsilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve
Catheterise the bladder immediately to remove the noxious stimulus
Administer intravenous labetalol as first-line treatment
Perform a CT head to rule out intracranial haemorrhage
Administer atropine for the bradycardia
Miosis, bradycardia, bronchospasm, and diarrhoea
Mydriasis, tachycardia, bronchodilation, and decreased salivation
Miosis, tachycardia, bronchodilation, and urinary retention
Mydriasis, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, and increased salivation
Muscarinic M1 receptors
Muscarinic M2 receptors
Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors
Nicotinic (NN) receptors
Smooth muscle cells of the muscularis propria
Interstitial cells of Cajal
Enteric ganglia (Auerbach's and Meissner's plexuses)
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres from S2-S4
Left anterior cerebral artery
Left middle cerebral artery
Left posterior cerebral artery
Left vertebral artery
Left anterior cerebral artery
Left middle cerebral artery
Left posterior cerebral artery
Basilar artery
Bilateral optic nerves
Bilateral lateral geniculate nuclei
Bilateral posterior cerebral artery territory (occipital cortex)
Optic chiasm
Hypertensive intracerebral haemorrhage
Arteriovenous malformation rupture
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Ruptured saccular (berry) aneurysm
Intravenous heparin anticoagulation
Decompressive craniectomy
Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy
Carotid endarterectomy
Non-contrast CT head
MRI brain with diffusion-weighted imaging
CT angiography of head and neck
Conventional cerebral angiography
Acute ischaemic stroke
Multiple sclerosis
Metastatic disease
Normal ageing (leukoaraiosis)
Chronic infarction with gliosis
Vasogenic oedema from a tumour
Acute ischaemic infarction with cytotoxic oedema
T2 shine-through artefact
Acute subdural haematoma
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Intraparenchymal haemorrhage
Epidural haematoma
Ischaemic penumbra (salvageable tissue)
Ischaemic core (irreversibly infarcted tissue)
Luxury perfusion (reperfused tissue)
Normal brain tissue
Amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
Cortical Lewy body deposition
Prion protein accumulation
TDP-43 inclusions in frontotemporal neurons
Multiple sclerosis
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Inclusion body myositis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Multiple sclerosis
Systemic lupus erythematosus with CNS involvement
Transverse myelitis
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
Poliomyelitis
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Alzheimer's disease with parkinsonian features
Vascular dementia
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Right cerebral hemisphere
Right pons
Left midbrain
Right medulla
CT thoracic spine
Lumbar puncture
MRI thoracic spine with contrast
Nerve conduction studies
Compression by a posterior communicating artery aneurysm
Raised intracranial pressure causing uncal herniation
Direct haemorrhage into the oculomotor nucleus
Vasospasm of the basilar artery
Presence of urinary retention
Bilateral leg weakness
Saddle anaesthesia
Asymmetric lower motor neuron signs with severe radicular pain
Autoimmune encephalitis — start immunosuppression
Herpes simplex encephalitis — start IV aciclovir immediately
Bacterial meningitis — start IV ceftriaxone
Status epilepticus — administer IV lorazepam