portal-chunk-03

A) Isoflurane

B) Sevoflurane

C) Desflurane

D) Halothane

A) 0.75%

B) 1.15%

C) 2.0%

D) 6.0%

A) Calcium chloride intravenously

B) Dantrolene intravenously

C) Sodium bicarbonate intravenously

D) Adenosine intravenously

A) Anaphylaxis to propofol excipient

B) Propofol infusion syndrome

C) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

D) Rhabdomyolysis secondary to prolonged immobility

A) Sevoflurane

B) Isoflurane

C) Nitrous oxide

D) Desflurane

A) Propofol

B) Etomidate

C) Ketamine

D) Thiopentone

A) Direct myocardial depression via calcium channel blockade

B) Histamine release causing systemic vasodilatation

C) Inhibition of 11β-hydroxylase causing adrenal suppression

D) NMDA receptor antagonism reducing sympathetic tone

A) Its high oil:gas partition coefficient demands precision dosing

B) Its boiling point of 23.5°C causes it to vaporise unpredictably at room temperature

C) Its low MAC necessitates dilution prior to delivery

D) Its high molecular weight prevents evaporation in standard vaporisers

A) Blood:gas partition coefficient

B) Vapour pressure at 20°C

C) Oil:gas partition coefficient

D) Molecular weight

A) Desflurane

B) Isoflurane

C) Sevoflurane

D) Enflurane

A) Propofol at 2 mg/kg

B) Thiopentone at 5 mg/kg

C) Etomidate at 0.3 mg/kg

D) Midazolam at 0.3 mg/kg

A) Fatty infiltration due to impaired beta-oxidation

B) Immune-mediated fulminant hepatic necrosis

C) Cholestatic jaundice from bile duct blockade

D) Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis from protein binding

A) GABA-A receptor potentiation at the β subunit

B) NMDA receptor antagonism in the cortex

C) α2-adrenoceptor agonism in the locus coeruleus

D) Mu-opioid receptor partial agonism

A) Thiopentone produces faster recovery due to its smaller volume of distribution

B) Both agents produce equivalent recovery due to identical hepatic clearance rates

C) Propofol produces faster and more predictable recovery due to a shorter context-sensitive half-time

D) Propofol produces slower recovery due to accumulation of active hydroxyl metabolites

A) Halothane 0.75%, Isoflurane 1.15%, Nitrous oxide 104%

B) Halothane 1.5%, Isoflurane 0.75%, Sevoflurane 6.0%

C) Sevoflurane 1.15%, Desflurane 2.0%, Nitrous oxide 50%

D) Isoflurane 0.75%, Desflurane 3.0%, Halothane 0.5%

A) Increase the dose to 3 mg/kg to ensure reliable induction

B) Use the standard dose of 2–2.5 mg/kg without adjustment

C) Reduce the dose to approximately 1–1.5 mg/kg and titrate slowly

D) Avoid propofol entirely and substitute thiopentone at 3 mg/kg

A) Enhanced potency of nitrous oxide when combined with a volatile agent

B) Concentration and hastening of uptake of a co-administered volatile agent during induction

C) Reduced MAC of the primary agent when nitrous oxide is added to the circuit

D) Accumulation of nitrous oxide in enclosed body cavities during maintenance

A) Severe respiratory depression and loss of protective airway reflexes

B) Emergence phenomena including vivid hallucinations and delirium

C) Pronounced bronchospasm in patients with reactive airways disease

D) Adrenal suppression following a single induction dose

A) Vitamin B12 deficiency increases sensitivity to volatile agent-induced hepatotoxicity

B) Nitrous oxide irreversibly inactivates vitamin B12-dependent methionine synthase, worsening the deficiency

C) Vitamin B12 deficiency impairs propofol glucuronidation, prolonging recovery

D) Nitrous oxide competitively displaces vitamin B12 from plasma carrier proteins

A) Reducing the sevoflurane concentration by 0.5 MAC

B) Increasing fresh gas flow to at least 2 L/min

C) Adding 100% oxygen to the circuit instead of an air-oxygen mixture

D) Using a circle system with a larger soda lime canister